Saturday, 7 May 2016
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT PERIWINKLE
Do you know that we have at list tree type of periwinkles? anyway i will be talking about the Two common type that i know off:
- PERIWINKLE (THE PLANT): Is an old world plant with flat five-petalled flowers and glossy leaves. Some are grown as ornamental and some contain alkaloids used in medicine.
Periwinkle is a color in the blue and purple family. Its name is derived from the lesser periwinkle or myrtle herb (Vinca minor) which bears flowers of the same color.
The color periwinkle is also called lavender blue. The color periwinkle may be considered a pale tint of blue or a "pastel blue".
The first recorded use of periwinkle as a color name in English was in 1895.In popular culture
Periwinkle blue is the color for esophageal and stomach cancer awareness ribbons, and for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. It is also the color for pulmonary hypertension awareness ribbons.
The "downvote" of the popular website Reddit is identified as periwinkle, and one of the two "teams" of the site's April Fools event in 2013 was named for the color.
Periwinkle was added to the Crayola palette in 1958.
Periwinkle is Tinker Bell's sister in Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings
References:
Jump up^ The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called periwinkle in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill; the color periwinkle is displayed on page 109, Plate 43, Color Sample B8.Jump up^ Maerz and Paul (1930). A Dictionary of Color. New York: McGraw-Hill. Page 196: Lavender blue shown as one of the three major variations of lavender under heading lavender; page 190: lavender blue is listed as blue-lavender, first use of the color term is identified as 1926, and the color is identified with periwinkle.Jump up^ Simpson, J. A., and E. S. C. Weiner (1989). Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jump up^ "Awareness Ribbon Pins and Cancer Ribbon Pins". Personalized Cause. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
Jump up^ "reddit: the alien". Reddit. Retrieved 29 May 2015
- The second PERIWINKLE: Is the common periwinkle or winkle (Littorina littorea) is a species of small edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.
This is a robust intertidal species with a dark and sometimes banded shell. It is native to the rocky shores of the northeastern, and introduced to the northwestern,Atlantic Ocean.
The shell is broadly ovate, thick, and sharply pointed except when eroded. The shell contains six to seven whorls with some fine threads and wrinkles. The color is variable from grayish to gray-brown, often with dark spiral bands. The base of the columella is whiteThe shell lacks an umbilicus. The white outer lip is sometimes checkered with brown patches. The inside of the shell has a chocolate-brown color.
The width of the shell ranges from 10 to 12 mm at maturity,with an average length of 16–38 mm.
Shell height can reach up to 30 mm 43 mmor 52 mm.\
As a result of its robust nature, Littorina littorea can be highly variable in phenotype with several different morphs present. Its phenotypic variations may be indicative of a speciation event, as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. This is of particular importance to evolutionary biology, as it presents the possible opportunity to view a transitional phase in the evolutionary life of an organism.
Common periwinkles are native to the North-eastern coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, including northern Spain, France, England, Scotland, Ireland, Scandinavia, and Russia
Introductions to North America
Common periwinkles have been introduced to the Atlantic coast of North America, possibly[vague] by rock ballast in the mid-19th century. The first recorded case was in 1840 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.It is now a predominant mollusc from New Jersey northward to Newfoundland. It was accidentally introduced to the North American East Coast within the last few centuries and it is now extraordinarily abundant on New England rocky shores. In Canada, their range includes New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador.
This species is also found on the West Coast of the United States, from Washingtonto California. L. littorea is now the most common marine snail along the North Atlantic coast. It has changed North Atlantic intertidal ecosystems via grazing activities, altering the distribution and abundance of algae on rocky shores and converting soft-sediment habitats to hard substrates, as well as competitively displacing some native species.The presence of this species has caused extensive damage due to interspecific competition with native inter-tidal gastropods.
Ecology
Habitat
The common periwinkle is mainly found on rocky shores in the higher and middle intertidal zone.It sometimes lives in small tide pools. It may also be found inmuddy habitats such as estuaries, and can reach depths of 180 feet.
Feeding
L. littorea is an omnivorous, grazing intertidal gastropod.It is primarily an algaegrazer, but it will feed on small invertebrates such as barnacle larvae. They use theirradulae to scrape algae from rocks, and, in the salt marsh community, pick up algae from the cord grass, or from the biofilm that covers the surface of mud in estuaries or bays.
Phlorotannins in the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum act as chemical defenses against L. littorea.
Life cycle
L. littorea is oviparous, reproducing annually with internal fertilization of egg capsules that are then shed directly into the sea, leading to a planktotrophic larval development time of four to seven weeks. Females lay 10,000 to 100,000 eggscontained in a corneous capsule from which larvae escape and settle to the bottom. This species can breed year round depending on the local climate.It reaches maturity at 10 mm, and lives five to ten years.
Human use
Remains of an ancient meal. Winkle shells from Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian layer (15 000 before present) in the Altamira cave
This species appears in prehistoric shellfishmiddens throughout Europe, and is believed to have been an important source of food since at least 7500 BC in Scotland. It is still collected in huge quantities in Scotland, mostly for export to the Continent, and also consumed locally. The official landings figures for Scotland indicate over 2,000 tonnes of winkles are exported annually. This makes winkles the sixth most important shellfish harvested in Scotland in terms of tonnage, and seventh most important in terms of value. However, since actual harvests are probably twice reported levels, the species may actually be the fourth and sixth most important, respectively
They are usually picked off the rocks by hand or caught in a drag from a boat. They are mostly eaten in the coastal areas of Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland, where they are commonly referred to as winkles or in some areas buckies, willicks, or wilks. In Belgium, they are commonly called kreukels or caracoles. They are commonly sold in paper bags near beaches in Ireland and Scotland, boiled in their local seawater, with a pin attached to the bag to enable the extraction of the soft parts from the shell.
Periwinkles are considered a delicacy in African and Asian cuisines. The meat is high in protein, omega-3 fatty acids and low in fat; according to the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, raw snails in general are about 80% water, 15% protein, and 1.4% fat.
Periwinkles are also used as bait for catching small fish. The shell is usually crushed and the soft parts extracted and put on a hook.
Following their history as an ancient food source in Atlantic Europe, they are harvested and consumed in the Azores Islands by the Portuguese people, usually called búzios, the generic name for sea snails.
Similar foods are consumed by other maritime cultures throughout the world, such as the Chinese people. Periwinkles, or a similar species, are sold at the live seafood
counter in the Chinese-Canadian grocery chain, T&T Supermarket.
Friday, 6 May 2016
IT IS HAPPENING AGAIN
NIGERIA FAST RISING MUSIC ARTIST NO OTHER PERSON BUT
SLLIPKNOT ASUQUO
Has just signed his contract with African's no: 1 telecommunication network providing company MTN here in Nigeria this young man has a lot of songs that you need to listen to but to trill you all here is a code to one of his new singles that has been used MTN caller-tune
Thursday, 5 May 2016
HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MILLET.
Millets - Types of Millets, Benefits, Nutrition Information
About Millets
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops/ grains. Millet is tiny in size and round in shape and can be white, gray, yellow or red like you can see in pictures. Millets are very high in their nutrition content. Each millets are three to five times nutritionally superior to rice and wheat in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins. Millets are rich in B vitamins, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, also gluten-free and has low-GI (Glycemic index) thus millets are suitable for people allergies/intolerance of wheat. Also for diabetic, weight loss millets are excellent.
For thousands of years, millets has been growing such as Pearl millet, Barnyard millet, Sorghum, Foxtail millet, Little millet, Kodo millet, Proso millet and now ANI (Millet Network of India) promotes milets as Nutri-cereals instead of Coarse Cereals. Here some interesting facts about millets other than that they are gluten-free, highly nutritious, millets need very little water for their production, short growing period under dry, high temperature conditions and that's why in India, Africa, Asia millets are more popular. Millets also required rich soils for growth, no millet attracts any pest hence they have no or low fertilizer usage and pest-free. I did lot of research to write more about these millets, main sources are from google, wiki, whfoods
Millets Types and Name in Different Languages
Where to buy and store - Millets are available in Organic shops and also in some super markets specially in India. Store millet in an airtight container in a cool, dry and dark place, where it will keep for several months.
Millets Benefits
Millets are rich in B vitamins, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, also gluten-free
Helps to lower type 2 diabetic and reduces the risk of heart disease
Millets are a great source of starch, making it a high-energy food. It is also an excellent source of protein and fiber.
Millets are mostly pest-free and low fertilizer used in growth (widely comes in Organic form)
Millets Recipes - Millets can be cooked as we make rice and serve with dal, sambar, rasam or any curry of our choice. We can also make various dosa, idli, upma, pongal, pulao, sweets from millets, they can also be use in baking. I will post few millets recipe regularly so we can include millets in our diet in more exciting way.
English | Pearl Millet | Finger Millet | Foxtail Millet | Kodo Millet | Little Millet | Barnyard Millet | Sorghum |
Hindi | Bajra | Nachani, Mundua, Mandika, Marwah | Kangni, Kakum, Rala | Koden, Kodra | Kutki, Shavan | Jhangora, Sanwa | Jowar |
Tamil | Kambu | Kezhvaragu, Kelvaragu, Keppai, Ragi | Thinai | Varagu | Saamai | Kuthiravali (Kuthiraivolly) | Cholam |
Telugu | Sajjalu | Ragula, Ragi Chodi | Korra | Arikelu, Arika | Sama, Samalu | Udalu, Kodisama | Jonna |
Kannada | Sajje | Ragi | Navane | Harka | Saame, Save | Oodalu | Jola |
Malayalam | Kambam | Panji Pullu | Thina | Koovaragu | Chama | Kavadapullu | Cholam |
Marathi | Bajri | Nagli, Nachni | Kang, Rala | Kodra | Sava, Halvi, Vari | - | Jowari, Jondhala |
Punjabi | Bajra | Mandhuka, Mandhal | Kangni | Kodra | Swank | Swank | Jowar |
Gujarati | Bajri | Nagli, Bavto | Kang | Kodra | Gajro, Kuri | - | Jowari, Juar |
Bengali | Bajra | Marwa | Kaon | Kodo | Sama | Shyama | Jowar |
Oriya | Bajra | Mandia | Kanghu, Kangam, Kora | Kodua | Suan | Khira | Juara |
Where to buy and store - Millets are available in Organic shops and also in some super markets specially in India. Store millet in an airtight container in a cool, dry and dark place, where it will keep for several months.
Millets Benefits
Millets are rich in B vitamins, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, also gluten-free
Helps to lower type 2 diabetic and reduces the risk of heart disease
Millets are a great source of starch, making it a high-energy food. It is also an excellent source of protein and fiber.
Millets are mostly pest-free and low fertilizer used in growth (widely comes in Organic form)
Millets Recipes - Millets can be cooked as we make rice and serve with dal, sambar, rasam or any curry of our choice. We can also make various dosa, idli, upma, pongal, pulao, sweets from millets, they can also be use in baking. I will post few millets recipe regularly so we can include millets in our diet in more exciting way.
you can check for more on www.indiankhana.net/2014/09/millets-millets-types-benefits-nutrition.html @ESOUND
Wednesday, 4 May 2016
Check out what Popular Comedian AY said about social media bullies
- Talented Nigerian comedian AY stood against cyber bullies
- The move star urged Nigerian celebrities to learn to ignore whatever is being about them
- AY also disclosed that they should always learn from the negative side of the social media
To some people would not really understand what the post may think he has issues with some of his colleagues due to the picture he posted alongside with his post on Instagram. AY on Tuesday, May 3, posted a collage picture of himself, Davido, 2baba and Psquare as he tried to educated Nigerian entertainers on how to deal with cyber bullies.
He posted the picture with the caption: “The social media platform is like a mirror that reflects the image we want people to see.
It is also a reflection of the image of what the people decides to see or take. We don’t have a choice on whether we do social media or not…as long as you are in showbiz, there must be something to show before the business will come.
The connection between you, your fans and prospective sponsor who would like to leverage on your brand equity must be kept intact. The day they don’t hear from you or see you, it is assumed that your career is dead.”
READ ALSO: Exclusive: Yaw, AY to stage ‘pit latrine’ comedy show in Lagos “No matter what we put out there, good or bad, we will always be living our lives for everyone else on social media. So permit me to welcome my dear colleagues to a world where we’re reminded that we’re all human and all equal, especially when they are not paying to watch you or buy your CDs. Welcome to the world where we enjoy all the praises and comments on a good post. But permit me to also welcome you to all to a veritable battleground where the fearless and Anonymous cyber kings and queens throws their verbal bullets to damage lives, self-esteem and self- worth. As for me, I will continue to enjoy the positive side of social media, and learn from the negative (even when it sometimes hurts me as a human being).”
BEST MEDICAL COUNTRY
Israel’s rising popularity as a destination for MT originates from its dynamic tourist attractions, high quality and safe medical procedures and leading doctors, all of which continue to evolve, advancing its successful medical services. In 2014, the Medical Tourism Index (MTI) ranked Israel highly as third in a list of top destinations for medical treatment around the world. Israel uses the most modern techniques for medical practice through the incorporation of advanced screening techniques, laboratory analysis, and individualized treatment. In addition, Israel’s industry, pioneering in the production and development of bio-medical devices, such as the Re-Walk exoskeleton.
and reconstructive surgical techniques of Israeli doctors are implemented within hospitals across the globe.
Medical treatment abroad
The popularity of Medical treatment abroad is expanding globally mainly due to its greater capacity to provide safe, high quality treatments to those who cannot receive comparable care in their country of origin; many turning to India and Israel.
Medical Tourism once focused broadly on provision of health care and emergency treatment provided by higher-income countries to less developed nations, has since expanded to include patients from many parts of the world to countries with the full range of health care system infrastructure and modernity. Medical Tourism (MT) has become particularly popular in the United States, mainly due to high living costs and costly health services and care. In the United States, a staggering 50 million people are uninsured and over twice as many are uninsured for dental care. Nevertheless, insurance may not cover specific treatments and many are unable to meet the financial requirements specified for medical procedures that they require.
Therefore, Americans have many reasons for seeking treatment elsewhere - since it has also become easier over time to receive the treatment they need that is on average 30% cheaper than in the United States. They can also receive the quality and safety that equals national standards for the very same procedure. Furthermore, patients reap the benefits of getting medical care and treatment while they travel and vacation. In the modern MT industry, international patients can be rest-assured that in nearly all countries, patients receive quality treatment in the same hospitals that also serve the local population. Services are provided by licensed professionals who maintain international accreditation's that adherence to strict medical protocols.
MT is foretasted to expand even further, becoming an increasingly global phenomenon. Along with its growth, affordable and highly sophisticated diagnostic tools that guide the development of innovative treatments. Renowned specialists work with international patients; contributing to the growth of the industry and its success through expertise in specific branches of medicine. Today, an astounding 7 million people have traveled the globe for medical services for procedures like heart transplants to cosmetic surgery and dental care.
MT allows those seeking care to obtain treatment for conditions requiring procedures and processes that would be otherwise unobtainable in their home country; specifically in countries with a medical infrastructure, that lacks important resources for health care delivery.
The MT industry strengthens local economies and provides important employment opportunities of countries that offer medical treatment to foreign patients. Patients worldwide are drawn to new and efficient treatments that have become more cost-effective in places such as Israel and India – this includes complex surgical procedures. Other popular destinations for Medical treatment abroad include Thailand, Singapore, and Mexico.
Medical tourism in India
India often attracts patients that require orthopedic and cardiac surgeries, as well as IVF and ontological treatment. Complications have arisen in incidents of malpractice, lack of comprehensive follow-up care and other difficulties that result in patients seeking services elsewhere. India also has a long rainy season (monsoon) that makes the country difficult to navigate due to weather conditions from May to September – which may affect a patient’s decision to travel to India, especially if the patient is living with a chronic disease.
India is emerging, creating new departments within government-managed facilities to serve medical tourists and working to improve the coordination of healthcare services. In addition, India aims to promote traditional and alternative medical care through the incorporation of yoga and ancient medicine - Ayurveda.
Israel: Top medical tourism destination
Bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Israel is an easily accessible destination to access from many countries of the world. The beaches of Israel are among the finest in the world and enjoyed by patients who stay for post-operative care (following orthopedic surgeries, for example) who simultaneously can enjoy their vacationing period and save money on their medical care.
Israel has successfully established its medical presence on a global scale, including plans for developing Israeli clinics within Russia, as Israel is a popular destination for many Russian patients, as well as in Cyprus; where medical facilities in the countries seek to employ Israeli doctors. Many aesthetic
and reconstructive surgical techniques of Israeli doctors are implemented within hospitals across the globe.
As mentioned, medical successes in Israel, such as success rates for IVF (In-vitro fertilization) are significantly higher (25-30%) than global averages for procedures of this type and performed at a fraction of the cost than most other countries. Cardiac surgery is another main branch of medicine that attracts tourists to receive care in Israel with many successful bypass surgeries performed. In addition, a large proportion of Israel’s medical tourists come for various cancer treatments.
Furthermore, Israel is known as a country that is focused on health and wellness. The Dead Sea, a natural water source is rich with unique mineral salts, known to have miraculous healing properties to treat a multitude of conditions that range from eczema to rheumatoid arthritis.
Globally, Medical treatment abroad continues to flourish, with greater accessibility to innovative treatments and medical technologies, many foreign patients can take full advantage of what the industry has to offer. Before traveling for a medical procedure, all prospective patients should consider and remain aware of all possible complications regarding treatment abroad. Patients should ensure that the hospital of choice for treatment is fully accredited, equipped, as well as a trusted and registered medical tourism provider for safe and effective medical practice.
DESPERATE WOMAN
This is the woman who never shuts up, barely stopping to breathe. Seemingly only concerned about what is going on in her life, she always has to make a comment about everything and dominates conversations.
This type of woman will seem fantastic at first, until she starts talking about your wedding location, how many kids she wants and the name of your future dog–right after the first date! When a woman advances WAY faster than normal,watch out. She NEEDS a man so bad that she’s willing to put anybody in that slot, even the homeless guy on the corner.
Anything you do for this type of woman is simply not good enough. Nothing seems to work unless it is done according to her standards. Anything that is said by anyone will be quickly taken out of context to become some sort of insult or some reason to wage war against the world. This type of woman has plenty of emotional baggage and will make you an angry and bitter person as there will be nothing but misery with her..........
This type of woman can’t obtain a GED but has managed to secure a PhD in the science of the bedroom. This is an intellectually challenged woman who looks great but, in all honesty, shouldn’t open her mouth. Her skills are unquestionably only rooted in the physical realm and unless you’re just after one-night stands, you do not want to bring a stupid girl home to meet Mom and Dad. The majority of girls you see on the streets everyday fall into this category,
Please do come back for more
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
This is the woman who never shuts up, barely stopping to breathe. Seemingly only concerned about what is going on in her life, she always has to make a comment about everything and dominates conversations.
This type of woman will seem fantastic at first, until she starts talking about your wedding location, how many kids she wants and the name of your future dog–right after the first date! When a woman advances WAY faster than normal,watch out. She NEEDS a man so bad that she’s willing to put anybody in that slot, even the homeless guy on the corner.
Anything you do for this type of woman is simply not good enough. Nothing seems to work unless it is done according to her standards. Anything that is said by anyone will be quickly taken out of context to become some sort of insult or some reason to wage war against the world. This type of woman has plenty of emotional baggage and will make you an angry and bitter person as there will be nothing but misery with her..........
This type of woman can’t obtain a GED but has managed to secure a PhD in the science of the bedroom. This is an intellectually challenged woman who looks great but, in all honesty, shouldn’t open her mouth. Her skills are unquestionably only rooted in the physical realm and unless you’re just after one-night stands, you do not want to bring a stupid girl home to meet Mom and Dad. The majority of girls you see on the streets everyday fall into this category,
Please do come back for more
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
This type of woman will
seem fantastic at first, until she starts talking about your wedding
location, how many kids she wants and the name of your future dog–right
after the first date! When a woman advances WAY faster than normal,watch
out. She NEEDS a man so bad that she’s willing to put anybody in that
slot, even the homeless
guy on the corner.
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
This type of woman will
seem fantastic at first, until she starts talking about your wedding
location, how many kids she wants and the name of your future dog–right
after the first date! When a woman advances WAY faster than normal,watch
out. She NEEDS a man so bad that she’s willing to put anybody in that
slot, even the homeless
guy on the corner.
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Read more at: http://www.insidenaija.com/men-please-dont-ever-consider-marrying-these-10-types-of-women-truekillerfacts/
Nigeria's Power Generation Crumbles To Zero MegaWatts For Several Hours
Nigeria’s power generation collapsed completely on Thursday at 12.58pm to zero megawatts, and this persisted for about three hours,Data from the country’s System Operator showed that around 1 pm on Thursday, no power generation company in Nigeria produced a single megawatt of electricity. Industry operators told our correspondent that as a result of the complete collapse, no electricity distribution company received load allocation beginning from when the collapse was recorded up till around 3 pm.
The SO stated that the 11 distribution companies got zero electricity load allocation during the period of the failure, meaning that for about three hours on Thursday no part of Nigeria got power supply from the national grid.
Our correspondent, however, gathered that supply of electricity was restored around 3 pm.
For instance, out of the 450MW that was due Abuja Electricity Distribution Company, the Disco only got about 50MW when the situation began to improve.
Before the collapse, AEDC got an allocation of 257.97MW, and the nationwide generation level stood at 2,243.2MW.
Sources in the sector blamed the complete collapse in power generation on the extent of destruction of infrastructure and gas pipelines vandalism that had happened in the industry over the past years, as well as the poor upgrade of power installations across the country.
“The power crisis being experienced nationwide since Tuesday this week has worsened on Thursday with a total system collapse at exactly 12.58pm this afternoon. At that point, the nation went to ground zero, with all the Discos receiving zero MW allocation from the System Operator,” an operator in the sector told our correspondent in confidence.
Officials from the Federal Ministry of Power, Works and Housing as well as private investors, had attributed the never-ending fall in electricity generation to vandalism of gas pipelines and destruction of vital infrastructure in the industry by miscreants.
“Aside pipelines vandalism, some miscreants have been involved in the destruction of critical power infrastructure, and this has been affecting not just generation but transmission and distribution as well,” a senior official at the power ministry who spoke on condition of anonymity as he was not authorized to speak on the matter, had said.
The official also stressed that the ongoing difficulty in the downstream oil industry was also impacting negatively on the power sector.
Working with Communities to Mitigate Environmental Pollution
In March 2010, the international humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders, MSF) discovered an outbreak of lead poisoning in remote villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. More than 17,000 people were severely poisoned and 400-500 children died as a result of soil lead contamination associated with artisanal gold mining/processing in residential compounds. International organizations collaborated with Nigerian health authorities and local civil and traditional governments to provide emergency medical, environmental, technical, and public health response.
Remediation
activities, conducted in three phases from May 2010 to July 2013, were
modeled on Idaho/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency “Superfund”
protocols. Post-cleanup activities included medical treatment in MSF-run
clinics, monitoring the sustainability of the remediation, and
implementation of safer mining practices. The epidemic has been
characterized as unprecedented, and the ensuing cleanup one of the
largest and most comprehensive ever undertaken by an African
government.
Remediating
the villages presented numerous resource, logistic, cultural,
institutional, and technical challenges. The remote area is difficult to
access and has little infrastructure. Village life is ruled by
overlapping civil, tribal, and Sharia governments, exhibits
gender-segregated social structure, suffers numerous endemic diseases
with limited healthcare, and a workforce dependent on primitive tools
and labor practices. The cleanup evolved from an emergency response
initially developed and directed largely by international personnel from
TerraGraphics (TG) to a multi-disciplinary program carried out by
Nigerian federal, state, and local governments employing village
workers.
for more information check this webbsite: www.terragraphicsinternational.org/#!nigeria/c1jis
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